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TITANIUM

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TITANIUM

Titanium is a very common natural element, indeed it is the 9th in abbundance and forms the 0,6% of the Earth's crust; therefore, during the last years, many deepened studies have pointed out its peculiar characteristics.
Room-temperature pure Titanium is a non- magnetic and ductile metal that could be deformed up to more than the 95% of its mass in various extra baking processes. His density degree is similar to light metals one and it has a superior electric modulus and basically the same mechanical properties of the inoxidable steels; that is why it is tipically considered an aeronautical and aerospace material. The very first developement incentive comes from an exellent tensile strength and from the high proportion weight-resistance (mostly in specific alloys), which approximately endure to a temperature of 400°C. Moreover it is to note that the fundamental applications in chemical industry are possible thanks to a very high corrosion resistance level, given by the superficial formation of an oxide stratus, which results actually straider than inoxidable steel's one. In fact, even if it is corruptable by sulphuric and hydrochloric acid, it isn't corroded by nitric acid, chlorine, strong alkali or sulphur derivatives.

STRUCTURE

Titanium has a hexagonal crystalline structure named "alpha" phase, that is from room-temperature to about 882°C. Above this temperature, the structure mutate in a cubic crystalline one, named "beta phase". The relevance of this characteristic is related to the elements that are combined with Titanium, which differently modify the width in both phases, determinating variations in Titanium mechanical behave, depending almost constantly on different temperatures.
Here we report the Titanium combinable elements ordered by the phases "alpha", "beta" and "neutral".

alpha combinable:......Al
alpha impurity:..........O2,N2,B,C
beta combinable:.......Mo, V, Nb, Ta, Mn, Fe, Cr, Co, W, Ni, Cu, Au, Ag, Si, Zr
beta impurity:............H2
neutral:.....................Sn

The various effects of the elements of each group assume particular rilief in the industrial alloys so, as a convenience, they are classified in "alpha", "alpha-beta" and "beta" alloys, referring to the phase they have at room-temperature.

PROPERTIES

(Pure commercial Titan)

Atomic number:........................................22
Atomic weight:.........................................47,90
Specific weight (g/cm2):...........................4,501
Melting temperature (°C):.........................1,660
Boiling temperature (°C):..........................3,250
Elastic modulus at 20 °C (Kg/mm2):..........11,000
Specific heat (cal/g/°C):...........................0,13
Coefficient of linear
thermal expansion (10-6/°C):...................9
Thermal conductivity (cal/cm/°C/sec):.......0,040
Electrical resistivity (microhom-cm):..........50

COMMERCIAL QUALITIES

Here we report the chemical analisys and the principal mechanical characteristics of the most common Titanium qualities.

THERMAL TREATMENTS

In Titanium thermal treatments we suggest to proceed by electrical oven and air-ciculation oven; it also could be done by gas or nafta oven as long as providing for an exess of air and putting the metal pieces not directly on the flame neither on the combusted gas. Instead vacuum oven or with neutral atmosphere is considered disadvantageus under an economial profile.

*AC - air cooling
*WC - water cooling

WELDING

The welding process could be done by melting the material. Rapidely, conjunctions with the same mechanical and anti-corrosive properties of the starting metal could be obtained, as long as providing to take the right precautions in order to do not let the pieces exposed to hydrogen (which could cause fragility already at 250°C), oxygen and water vapour at high temperature for a considerable priod of time. The atmospherical gas protective cover must be on the welding surface as well as on the opposite one; moreover, corners and welding wires must be clean, degrease and without any flakes or fingerprint.
Welding by resistance is not particulary difficult, rather it is actually possible to avoid the inert gas protection cover by using plain-tip electrodes; the electron beam is considered proper as well as the throbbing arc. Titanium couldn't be welded with another structural metal like aluminium or steel without the interjection of Vanadium or Tungsten, on pain of the formation of intermetallic fragile phases.

LATHE MANUFACTURING

(*1) The lateral negative remain is used in case of an interrupted cut or crust turnung.

MILL MANUFACTURING

CORRESPONDANCE TABLET BETWEEN
STANDARDS AND DESIGNATIONS

(*2) Corner inclination for plain pass or finish.
(*3)Corner inclination for slots milling angle.